The Classical Period Of Music - 864 Words

The Classical period of music has also been called the â€Å"Rococo† period. The Classical time period was between the 18th and 19th centuries. Spanning the years of 1750-1820. The transition from the Baroque period to the Classical took the music from polyphonic to homophonic where even though it seems like that would make the music less complex we look at a whole different type of complexity. The music typically contained two different melodies and a contrast in sections. This made the chords in the music much more defined and the tonal part of the music became more defined. The Classical period had a significant influence on several aspects of music. Chamber music had a sonata form. This means it had an exposition, a transition, and a recapitulation. Composition in the Classical time was mainly dominated by eclecticism which made the music more diverse. Concerto was driven at first by the Italians. They started the idea of the solo concerto. Orchestration was mainly develo ped during this musical time period. This is partly due to some of the most talented musicians that lived during this time. They did a lot of work in making the orchestra mainly string instruments. Some of these being the violin, viola, cello, and the contrabass, just to name a few. All of these things had a great influence in the way the music made the transition from the Baroque period to the Classical period. Some of the great composers during this time were Franz Josef Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart,Show MoreRelatedMusic During The Classical Period Essay1833 Words   |  8 PagesThe term classical generally refers to something that has a wide and long lasting appeal. In music, it indicates the music written from about 1750 to 1825. Balance and order were two of the most important qualities of the music of this period. Simplicity, diversity and elegance prevailed in contrast to what was seen as the excessive, complex characteristics of Baroque music. The seeds of the Classical age were sown by a number of composers whose names are now, for the most part, forgotten. TheyRead MoreThe Music Of Beethoven : The Period Of Classical And Romantic Eras1129 Words   |  5 Pagesbaptized by the name of Ludwig Van Beethoven. Born in Bonn, Germany, Beethoven was well known for expanding the ideas of symphonies, sonatas, quartets, and concertos. Moreover, the music of Beethoven paved a way, as he became one of the most predominant and influential musical figures within the transitional period of classical and romantic eras. Growing up, life wasn’t easy for Beethoven, he suffered from the loss of his mother at the age of 16 and his father, who was a court singer, was well knownRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Used During The Classical Period Of Music2056 Words   |  9 PagesIn the first movement of Wolfgang Mozart’s piece Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, it presents numerous features of what is being used during the classical period of music. The recording that was made by the Prague Chamber Orchestra is a good way to hear all of the classical features in the first movement. The first movement is the first track on the album that was published in 1985. While it has an excellent recording of the movement, it is not a traditional quartet but a larger ensemble. Along withRead MoreThe Influences of the Classical Period Essay582 Words   |  3 PagesAustrian composer who was one of the most prominent during the Classical Period. His signature place in this Period was shared with other great compo sers like Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven. The music during the Classical Period significantly changed after the Baroque Period. The techniques and tastes during this Period changed from loudly expressive and ornate, to simply beautiful and straightforward. The music of the new Period was light and clear, and it was not alone. As it alwaysRead MoreTransition of Music from Classical Era to the Postmodern Era1058 Words   |  5 PagesClassical to the Post-Modern Eras In this essay, I’m going to trace the development of Classical Music from the late 1750s to the Post-Modern era in the 2000s and provide a brief history of music, and how they link together to form what we have today. There are many preconceptions of what the history of music is. Some people think it is mainly a biography of composer’s lives, but they are wrong. The history of music is primarily the history of musical style. In order to appreciate this, it is essentialRead MoreHistory Of Music Has Been Around For Many Years1272 Words   |  6 PagesMrs. Cooke Period 1 English 10 March 2017 History of Music Music has been around for many years. I, for one, have been listening to music for my entire life and I know many people who grew up listening to music. Music influences people and people shape their life around music. Music can brighten anyone’s day. The great thing about music is that it comes in many different styles: Pop, Jazz, Classical, Country, Blues, Rock and Roll, Rap, Hip Hop and Techno, to name a few. How did music originate?Read MoreEssay on The Great Classics of the Classical Period505 Words   |  3 PagesBaroque period, the Classical period is one of the greatest musical eras in history. The style flowed directly off of its Baroque predecessors, smooth, but differing in the tempo. Many of the greatest composers emanated from the Classical era, Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven among them. This time period transformed the course of not just musical history, but that of the entire modern western world. Johann Sebastian Bach was the Alpha and the Omega of the Baroque period. Classical music, as we referRead MoreThe History of Music Styles1362 Words   |  5 Pageshistory of music styles brings to the fore two distinct periods, Baroque and Classical. The purpose of this essay is to provide a comparison between the two musical eras through the exploration of two different composers and their works, namely Antonio Vivaldi and his Four Seasons ‘Spring’ in the maximized Baroque era and the minimalist approaches of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s Symphony. Moreover this essay will review the unique social, cultural, technological an musical elements of each period to determineRead MoreBeethoven and the Classical and Romantic Periods Essay1700 Words   |  7 Pages1993. The performance piece is a sonata which is defined by Kerman as â€Å"a chamber-music piece in several movements† (Kerman, 427) The thirty-first sonata came to be in an interesting way. Moritz Schlesinger, in the summer of 1819, had made a request to Ludwig van Beethoven. Schlesinger was in search of some music and thought that Beethoven would be perfect for the job. He asked Beethoven to compose the desired music for him and would pay Beethoven in return. The two agreed in the May of 1820 thatRead MoreSimilarities Between Music And Classical Music921 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom the Classical Era. Classical music originated in Ancient Egypt but as time went by in became less popular. Then around the late 1700`s it became very popular in areas of the world like Europe, Italy, Austria, Germany. The period from 1750 to 1810 was known as the Viennese Classic. Classical music is kind of western music with a twist. At this point in time art literature was very popular, so when people first heard of classical music they were very interested in it. Classical music is very

Essay on Multiple Voices in Morrisons Song of Solomon

The Significance of Multiple Voices in Morrisons Song of Solomon Of the various manifestations of voice that participate in the interplay of voices in Song of Solomon, I would like to name three - the narrative voice, the signifying voice, and the responsive voice - each of which is dialogized within itself and in relation to the others. In the opening scene of the novel, the third-person omniscient narrative voice [emphasis added] informs us that at the time of day that Mr. Smith plans to fly from the roof of Mercy Hospital, word-of-mouth news just lumbered along (3). This phrase not only encodes the black vernacular but also immediately directs the readers attention to the cultural, communicative process by†¦show more content†¦Thus, their act of negation is simultaneously a critique of racist politics and an affirmation of their ability to resist these politics through the power of the word, through their collective voice. All of this information prepares the reader for the significance of Milkmans birth at the hospital that had previously had a whites-only policy. To read this phrase dialogically then, is to hear it in the context of the heteroglossic historical, cultural, and political voices that create it.27 The narrative voice creates distance at the same time that it is infused with the same everyda y language - the vernacular - that it foregrounds through the voices of the characters in the crowd. But within this crowd is Pilate, who is initially introduced as the woman who suddenly burst into song (5). Her voice not only disrupts the gaze of the crowd at the spectacle of Mr. Smith, who is poised for flight, but also introduces her as an alternative narrative voice, whose story in the song prompts the crowd to listen as though it were the helpful and defining piano music in a silent movie (6). At this early point in the novel, however, the reader has no way of knowing that this song will become the narrative thread of the novel. It is only near the end of theShow MoreRelated Essay on Flight in Song of Solomon1579 Words   |  7 PagesTheme of Flight in Song of Solomon    Clearly, the significant silences and the stunning absences throughout Morrisons texts become profoundly political as well as stylistically crucial. Morrison describes her own work as containing holes and spaces so the reader can come into it (Tate 125), testament to her rejection of theories that privilege j the author over the reader. Morrison disdains such hierarchies in which the reader as participant in the text is ignored: My writing expects, demandsRead MoreToni Morrison and Historical Memory5014 Words   |  21 Pagesliterature for African-Americans that enables them to remember their history from slavery to the present. Toni Morrison has been called Americas national author and is often compared with great dominant culture authors such as William Faulkner. Morrisons fiction is valued not only for its entertainment, but through her works, she has presented African-Americans a literature in which their own heritage and history are truthfully disclosed. However, Morrison does not record factual history instead

Case of Decorator Agencies Pty Ltd v Jeffries Industries Ltd

Question: Discuss about the Case of Decorator Agencies Pty Ltd v Jeffries Industries Ltd. Answer: Case Introduction The case involves a dispute between a couple of parties, namely, Fame and The Australian Securities Commission, better known simple as the ASC, though it has played the lawful role of a third respondent (Lowry, 2012). The following case made the section 995 and section 998 of Corporations Law of the ASC. The company named Jefferies has its share capital which is totally composed of preference shares, in the year 1995, and decided that the exchange date of their shares would be fixed to the 4th of February 1999. It was seen, that the director of the company, Mr. JF O Halloran had been disposed and left the company for good. A chairman is expected to hold and control the directorial board of the company and manage it strongly, though, in his case, after termination, he had to give away his shares. On the same year, it was seen that Fame had acquired the companys time-shares for its own. It was clearly stated in the Article of Association of the said company, that, on the stated date, all the companys share will, by all means be converted to Normal Shares, from the initial preference shares, thought the article makes it a point that in abnormal or special circumstances, the date of conversion can be shifted. If, by any means, the company is unable to pay off the promised dividends to its stock holders, then they, by the article, have the right to accelerate the procedures (Latimer, 2012). Though, the company has its formula that it uses to predict the number of shares that can be allotted. The basic application of it would be assumption of the weighted average stock prices including normal shares, traded before there are 20 days left for the commencement of the conversion process keeping an inverse relation between number of shares necessary for allotment procedure and the sales prices of shares while trading. Hence, if the SP of the preference shares is low, there w ill be a high allotment rate. It was seen by the Chairman that the Directorial Board had made its decision to accelerate the conversion procedure by shifting it to 28th of April 1995, on the 27th of April 1995. This decision was taken a couple of days before the dividend pay rate on the 30th of April 1995, though no dividend was yet paid. The company, Jeffries has a weak stand in the financial market with considerable low stock and trading records. The facts stated clearly imply that their position is stagnant and quite manipulative. On both 27th and 28th of April, the chairman had made contact with the company stock broker, Mr. Powell. The occurrences and details of the conversation where left unnoticed by the sources until the chairman along with the stock broker had given away a large number of the companys share in the market by sale (Kairupan, 2013). The company noted an increase in the share price, which in accordance to the formula would lower the number of shares for allotment when converted within the mentioned time-limit of 20 days. It was seen by the Stock Exchange Automated Trading System(SEATS) what a certain online trading method was used by the couple in order to sell the excess off in different prices that the online consumers can prefer (Hendershott and Moulton, 2011). The duties/responsibilities breached (ex. CA sections 181 or 588G) and explain why the duties were breached. The Chairman had most evidently made excuses for his actions to the company; most of them were vague and unbelievable. He had stated that he was in need if cash, and that too, most urgently, so, instead of placing the order for sales, he decided to take it upon himself to sell of the shares online. It was seen by Cohen J. that the facts stated by the chairman were untrue, as he had proper evidence that such futile attempts were actually never met. The chairmans wealth was well estimated and was seen that he owned sufficient capital himself, so, such drastic need for wealth might never have come so suddenly. Even so, selling shares at such a low price was, out of the blue, was clearly redundant. Hence, Cohen J. concluded that over 94000 shares were most deliberately sold off by the chairman, not for the welfare of the company, but to intentionally decrease the number of shares allotted for personal reasons. It was further noticed that the deals sanctioned by the chairman were met by Fame only three minutes before the 28th of April 1995, conversion time, hence, further proving the fact that all the transactions might have been preplanned. The chairman had the goal of increasing the share sales price in order to decrease the allotment. The change was quite stubble, as there was a significant increase in the selling price then next day. Fame was mostly benefitted by this action as they got to purchase more normal shares at a low price in the market, due to the application of the formula. This act then led to investigation and an expected exit of the official interest of the company (Fernandez, 2012). This incident would most certainly lead to worsening the situation of the company in the market and among the dealers. Further analysis of the situation would futile as it is quite clear what might happen next. The company, as expected, denied all claims of market manipulation in order to keep its goodwill steady. The whole act was done by the appellant in only for his person gain, though it was stated as an act of utilizing the market situation. Even so, the chairman cannot be blamed or dealt with. The actions taken were done before the apparent date of closure before the 28th of April, and so were the actions taken by the appellant. All the deals were made before the given date of closure with any other party of company. Discuss and critically ANALYSE the court/tribunal decision and the reason for the decision in view of the Corporations Act Commonwealth act of Australia falls under the Corporations act; it defines the production laws which are applicable in the state levels of the country (De Bakker, et al., 2013). In this case, Market would be the main focus of the court and the prime target of judgement, since, market would be perfect for advertising the shares and stocks of the company, independently and for the public to see and buy from. It is clear that the chairman, if wanted to advertise the companys information to the public, that is the stockholders and buyers, he would most definitely resort to selling them in the market at a price that he would select himself (Sharma and Liu, 2013). It was seen that the sudden sale occurred between 3:52 pm till 4:00 pm on the 28th of April 1995. The traffic at these 8 minutes clearly proves the fact that the sale happened in the market subjected to the public. It is most evident that the actions done were to done to personally benefit the appellant, hence selling the shares at a lower price in the market, not caring about the interests of the company at any degree at all. A few facts stated were most definitely misleading, false and deceptive (Cassie and Knight, 2013). Such an act can be called an act of misrepresentation, which can also be taken as acts of trickery and deceptions by the general public. Hence, it was seen that the prices in the market were different on both the sale day and on the 28th, where, for the former it was minimum and for the latter it went to maximum. It is also clear that such sale was not told to the Jefferies and neither could they predict that such an incident might occur in the first place. The events were placed prior to what the Jefferies might have placed in the market for an expected occupation. Where possible and applicable, the relevance of the decision to the development of Australian corporations law or the impact of the decision on the operation of companies in Australia. The acts,laws and duties in Australia were mostly taken from the laws in the United Kingdom as Australia is a part of its common wealth and has historical and political similarities and political connections. Now, the UKs companies act is renamed to the annotation statute that consists of single laws and also the Corporations Act 2001. The statutes can be divided into two that will hold the Corporations Act, the Investments Act and the Securities Act of Australia. The following information was then transferred to treasurer with the help of the ASIC (Klettner, et al., 2014). In this case though, the laws were taken into consideration on the basis of the securities. It was most evident that in this case; sever laws including the Sections 52 and 995 were most definitely applied to in order forlaw to get enforced upon the company and also the chairman. This situation has not only transformed the said company in this case, but has most certainly affected the entire financial hub of all th e states and the entire country and changed the outlook of the laws that guide them, and also the companies that uphold the law. Cases like these, help the financial society to grow and mature as a single being and develop while learning from the mistakes made by the companies and several business entities that came before and will come in the near future of the country. After this case between the companies, Fame and Jefferies, which was christened as, the case of Fame Decorator Agencies Pty Limited v Jeffries, the Australian government and securities had no other options remaining, but to calculate the future events and take into consideration that crimes such as these can most evidently occur. So, the authorities had to transform their law and make something new that would stop the any chance of similar acts to repeat them, or, at the very least, reduce the chances of such activities happening again the financial state of affairs of the country (Taylor and Thrift, 2012). Conclusion: The following case that is given for us to study on, most certainly involved two parties, one of them is most evidently Fame, a private limited company which had played its part in the buying off of shares from the public sales organised unlawfully by the said chairperson the organisation, hance, it can be branded as the company that is the defendant, and on the hand there is the company called Jefferies whos shares were sold off unlawfully and without the consent of the directorial board, by its own chairperson, not for the benefit of the company, but for personal interest. It was discussed in this case, the futility of the section section 995 and section 998 of the corporations act that falls under the statute that was discussed earlier on in this case. It was then discussed how the shutting off of prices in the market would drastically effect the company resulting to its use of a formula in order to calculate the allotment rate of shares. In the end, it was then concluded how the Australian laws along with the whole financial situation has developed gradually after. References: Cassie, J. and Knight, D. (2013) The scope of judicial review: Who and what may be reviewed.Retrieved on,19. De Bakker, F.G., Den Hond, F., King, B. and Weber, K. (2013) Social movements, civil society and corporations: Taking stock and looking ahead,Organization Studies,34(5-6), pp.573-593. Fernandez, J.A., Adolphsen, C., Akay, A.N., Aksakal, H., Albacete, J.L., Alekhin, S., Allport, P., Andreev, V., Appleby, R.B., Arikan, E. and Armesto, N. (2012) A Large Hadron Electron Collider at CERNReport on the Physics and Design Concepts for Machine and Detector,Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics,39(7), pp.075001. Hendershott, T. and Moulton, P.C. (2011) Automation, speed, and stock market quality: The NYSE's hybrid,Journal of Financial Markets,14(4), pp.568-604. Kairupan, D. (2013) Comparison of Market Manipulation Regulation Under Australian Law and Indonesian Law,Law Review,2(1). Klettner, A., Clarke, T. and Boersma, M. (2014) The governance of corporate sustainability: Empirical insights into the development, leadership and implementation of responsible business strategy,Journal of Business Ethics,122(1), pp.145-165. Latimer, P. (2012) False Trading and Market Rigging on the Stock Exchange (Australia, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore). Lowry, J. (2012) The Irreducible Core of the Duty of Care, Skill and Diligence of Company Directors: Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Healey,The Modern Law Review,75(2), pp.249-260. Sharma, N. and Liu, M. (2013) Prevention is better than cure,Medical teacher,35(4), pp.339-339. SKUDRA, H. (2012)An Analysis of the Statutory Regulation of Fraudulent Trading(Doctoral dissertation, Durham University). Taylor, M. and Thrift, N.(2012) The geography of multinationals: Studies in the spatial development and economic consequences of multinational corporations(Vol. 37). USA: Routledge.

The Mfecane free essay sample

This is a Nguni term which for forced migrations of various Nguni speaking communities. This took place in the South Eastern part of South Africa in the period between 1810-1860. The Nguni speaking communities include the following: Xhosa, Swazi, Zulu, and Ndebele etc. Many historians have found it difficult to explain the causes of these migrants however population and land pressure amongst these groups living between Drakensbura and Living Ocean was the single most important factors. However, this theory is baseless as it lacks statistical information. Reasons for the Mfecane: -Over population -Evolution of age-grade system. This systems evolved from being a single age grade system to age regiments from one area to another. This was dedicated to professional warfare as the reason for their existence. Shaka, for example was one of the many great Nguni leaders who exploited the age grade systems and turned them into powerful military forces used to conquer neighbouring states to form his own state. We will write a custom essay sample on The Mfecane or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Other leaders who used the age grade systems were: Zwide, Dingishwayo and Mosheshwe. Results of the Mfecane -Spread of zulu type military systems 1. The short stabbing spear (the assegai) was used instead of the long throwing spear. It was more effective. 2. New fighting tactics were also used such as the bullhorn formation. This was when the enemy was encircled before attack. 3. They also used nighttime surprise attacks. -There was an increase of strong central governments. The coming up of deposits (dictator) was proving to be a big problem. The use of age regiments, which cut across local loyalties, enhanced the growth of loyalty to the central government. The new kings appointed commoners to do important work and they also held positions such as would be incorrect to always quate this increased centralization with the growth of despotism. A few examples of deposits were: 1. Shaka Zulu 2. Mzilikazi However not all leaders were despots. For example Mosheshwe and Sobhuza who tended to govern by the rules of the traditional political systems of the Nguni and the Sotho Tswana. -A new social unity developed. People were absorbed in to various new societies. The new groups came to regard themselves as full members of the conquering people and therefore a unrited social as well as political government was created. There was also the use of a common language which helped to increase the feeling of unity e. g the Ndebele clan adopted the Khumalo dialect intermarriage was also an unifying factor. There were so many wars of aggression. There was a drastic increase in destruction of proper deaths and instability. There was an increase in slave-trading ativities. This was because the Nguni took prisoners as slaves. Later on the Swahili and the Yao practiced slave trade. Moshweshwe (Defensive Nation Builder). His career: The founder of Lesotho is in sharp contrast to those of the aggressive nation builders. Moshweshwe built a new state for defensive reasons. He also used the traditional sotho builders. He used the traditional political techniques to gather communities of Lesotho into one nation. He paid very little attention to war and only resorted to it for self-defense or under severe provocation. To him â€Å"peace is like rain which makes the grass grow while war is like the wind which dries it up. † He was born in 1786 near a mountain called mount Buthe-Buthe. It’s believed that a minor Kwiena chief called Motlumi taught him the lessons of wisdom and love for peace. During the period 1822-1836 when the Mfecane was ravaging the Sotho-Tswana land, he gathered a group of refugees on the Mountain fortress of Thaba Bosiu therefore he created the Southern Sotho kingdom in Lesotho. As a general, he successfully defeated assaults on Thaba Bosiu by Matiwane Ngwane (1827), Tlokwa* (1829) and Ndebele (1831). He also carried out a military revolution but he did not imitate Shaka. The heavy broad bladed stabbing spear and the large oval Nguni shield were ill adapted to the mountainous conditions. These weapons needed to be re-adapted for the new needs of the soldiers. He also replaced the knobkerrie (a rungu-like weapon) with a battle- axe. He developed a cavalry armed with guns. He was able to loan out his cattle to other chiefs under the systems called Mafisa. This helped build loyalty to him amongst his neighbouring communities. He formed diplomatic alliances with other rulers who became his vassals. Some of these vassals were Moletsane of Tauna and Moorosi of Phutti. He also used the polygamy to unite his nation. He had more than one hundred wives carefully chosen to represent all communities and regions. The refugee communities who settled among theses people were allowed to maintain their existing leaders and governments. However, he still remained in control by placing his brothers and senior in charge of districts. His state was a federation held together by consensus. His regularly resorted to Sotho-Pitso in settling disputes in matters of policy (these were public assemblies) He relied more on moral influences, personal charisma and powers of arguments rather than institution and force to hold the state together. To large extent by his enemies to create this kingdom through the Mfecane as refugees sought asylum. By 1840, there was constant was between him and Sikonyela of the Tlokwa (who was very cruel and war loving). In 1853, Moshweshwe as a result of a surprise dawn attack that led to the capture of the Tlokwa mountain. This forced Sikonyela to flee to permanent exile and a majority of the people accepted Moshweshwe authority. His people had to keep together and remain loyal if they were to resist a new and a more serious threat from the Europeans. He defended Thaba Bosiu against assault from the British (1852) and the Boers (1858-1866). In the long run, he acknowledged the disparity in the firepower would be significant as a protectorate in 1868 and therefore preserved the identity of the nation but not its independent. Samori Toure: â€Å"The greatest son of Africa who came to power at the wrong time. † Mandinka is a linguistic term that is used to describe the people who speak the language, Malinke (Manding). They form one of the largest groups of well-known and widespread Mande speaking people of Western Sudan. They occupy a vast area and they were the founders and principal people of the famous kingdom of Mali. One branch of the Malinke people called the Dyula had for centuries been famous for their great love of trade especially long distance trade, which made them familiar figures in many parts of both the grasslands and forest regions of West Africa. They travelled far West and East and deep down into the forests of the South buying and selling. At the beginning of the 9th century they were still well known as shrewd traders and skillful craftsmen.

Andorra essays

Andorra essays Andorra is one of the most unique countries in the world. It only has 175 square miles to call its own, which is less than half the size of New York City. Andorra is located in a valley of the mountains between France and Spain. From it being located between the mountains in the valley Andorra has been cut off from most of the other world. Its boundaries have changed little since the Middle Ages. Along with that Andorras legal system dates back to the Roman Era in some ways. The national language of Andorra is Catalan, but most people there also can speak French and Spanish. Two main people rule Andorra. They are the President of France and the Spanish Bishop. These two are referred to as the Princes of Andorra. These two Princes have to share equal power over Andorra. They must agree on any political, administrative, or judicial system changes that are going to be made. Each of them also sends an advisor to run the police system and to be a judge for the criminal court. With two rulers , French and Spanish, Andorra has two of every thing. They have French and Spanish schools, post offices, and currency, but France has to represent Andorra in diplomatic relations with other countries. For all their effort, in the 1200s a treaty was signed that every other year Andorra has to pay the French President $2.00 and the Spanish Bishop $8.00, 6 hams, 6 cheeses, and 12 hens. The country is also divided in to six parishes. Male citizens over the age of 25 can vote for four representatives from these parishes who decide on local matters. However these d ecisions have to go through the President and the Bishop, if they wish they could veto any proposal at any time. Most of the 15,000 people of Andorra are farmers or shepherds. The land that they use to let their animals graze and to plant crops is usually handed down through the family. The Andorrans that plant crops mainly plant tobacco. Many pe...

Night Essay essays

Night Essay essays Night, Elie weisels harrowing first-person account of the Holocaust demonstrates the murder of his family and his own survival in the hell of Auschwitz and Buchenwald. His account reaches a person at the most elemental level and shows them light and also unforgettable darkness. At the concentration camp, Jews were made to live in inhuman conditions, where there was a lot to endure but less to eat. All prisoners were the victims of the same fate and were made to endure the same mental and physical agony. Night is taught as part of the grade 10 curriculum. Hence, in my opinion, Night should continued to be taught as part of the Grade 10 curriculum because it gives students the historical image of the Nazis brutality in exterminating the Jews in Germany in 1940s, and the importance of love and faith in such inhuman conditions. Firstly, Night is a historical novel and gives a clear image of Nazis brutality in exterminating the Jews. It tells the students about the hatred Germans and particularly Hitler had for Jews. Jews were depopulated by the anger of Hitler, their homes and properties were taken and they were deported from their country. Night gives a vivid image of how the Jews were killed. For example, Jews were imprisoned by the Germans and they were sent to concentration camps, where their lives were extremely difficult and sometimes lead to death. The novel also teaches how inhumane Nazis were to the Jews. For instance, Elie, the author and the main character of the novel says: Humanity? Humanity is not concerned with us. Today anything is allowed. Anything is possible, even these crematories... (p.31). It is even hard to imagine how prisoners were disrobed and distressed. Most of the prisoners died of starvation and were exposed into mass ...

Improving Existing Cognitive Technique Program Essay

Improving Existing Cognitive Technique Program - Essay Example The essay "Improving Existing Cognitive Technique Program" discusses the evidence-based treatment and rehabilitation interventions in view of statistics showing increasing rates of incidence and risks involving mentally disordered offenders. Violence is a major concern among those who are responsible for the care of mentally ill prisoners. People with mental problems are more prone to violence than healthy individuals, especially people who have significant psychological impairments†. In this regard, it becomes worthwhile to learn that this study is generally meant for public safety. Since initial outcomes of the study were found successful and have shown potentials and room for development, it is justifiable that the research is funded appropriately even if it has to come up with revisions and/or innovations. Program completion or success rate or success was pegged at 78%†. There is a need to follow through and attempt to surpass the previous success rate of the program. Research methods should shift its focus on the emotional monitoring and control strategies that would lengthen the patients’ span of memory and receptiveness to the interventions. I would also agree with what Rees-Jones, et.al â€Å"to pursue further this research with randomized controlled design†. The significance of a study can only be justified if it has undergone a systematic process of evaluation. Relying on a hunch or common sense can only bring inaccurate premises and can only result in biases, gaps, and pressures to decision makers.

Business Ethics in the Age of Globalization Essay

Business Ethics in the Age of Globalization - Essay Example To make matters worse, the client is dying from leukemia. The insurance company has wrongfully failed to honour his client’s claim. The option is to file a suit. It is unfortunate that it is now too late for the client to get the bone marrow transplant that would have saved his life. In his final semester at law school Rudy Baylor is required to provide pro bono legal advice to a group of older citizens. He meets the first of clients who happen to be couple by the name Dot and Buddy Black. The couple has a son, Donny Ray. The couple’s son happens to be dying of leukemia. Their insurance company has blatantly failed to pay for Donny’s medical treatment. Rudy is skeptical to begin with but he soon realizes that the Black citizens had really been mistreated by the large insurance company. He also thinks that he may have come upon one of the largest insurance frauds ever and one of the most profitable and vital cases in the entire history of civil litigation (Matten & Crane, 2010) Protection procedure for employees who have ethics concerns There should be a disciplinary committee which is established to deal with staff members who are accused of engaging in unethical behavior. The committee will be tasked with receiving complaints regarding any member of staff who is alleged to have engaged in behavior which the claimed to be unethical. The board should is tasked with making of decisions on a matter reported to it anonymously by any person who feels aggrieved by the conduct of the employee. The employee affected should be notified in writing of the charges against him or her and also given a date in which he or she should appear for a hearing. The employee should be afforded adequate time to prepare his or her defence and also get a free and fair hearing. There should also be a review board which would act as an appellate tribunal. The review board would have the task of handling the appeals of an aggrieved employee. The composition of the disciplinary committee should include all cadres of staff. Thus there should be a representation from both the management and those employees who hold lower positions. This would make them it more representative and competent to handle all the cases from the different departments. The Management of the company should not be too involved in the disciplinary process. The management should however be represented both at the disciplinary committee level and also at the Review board level so that their views may be taken into account because they a very vital position in running the affairs of the organization. An outside consultant should only be involved at the review board level. They should sit at the board and give their opinions to the board of what they think the decision should have been. However the Review Board should reserve the right to reject or accept the findings of an outside consultant but there must be compelling reasons for the Consultant’s findings to be rejected. The review board is required to act without breaches of confidence. They thu s should not divulge any information which would be prejudicial to the employee concerned and also information which would cause harm to the complainant should not be released to people

The Washoe Indian Tribe of Nevada Essay Example for Free

The Washoe Indian Tribe of Nevada Essay The Washoe Indians resided around Lake Tahoe in Nevada and nearby the Great Basin. The Native American People lived near the western Great Basin, where the Washoe lands were the first areas to be settled. For reasons of survival, the Washoe Indian tribe migrated to more economically feasible areas, due to the loss of their hunting grounds, in the valley and their prior ways of life were taken over by farms that needed hired hands, and the large demand for charcoal and lumber. The Washoe tribes moved toward the cities and areas that held employment, where they could support themselves and their families and other areas where farms and ranches were available to them for sources of employment. Before the Washoe tribe met up with Europeans, the Washoe people’s territory was surrounded by the southern shore of the Honey Lake in the north, and west fork of the Walker River in the south and the Sierra Nevada crest in west and the first range east of the Sierra Nevada in the east. Usually the Washoe tribe would spend their summers in the Sierra Nevada, while they would move to the east mountain ranges and when winter rolled in, they would spend the cold months, plus the spring season in the valleys between the east and west areas. â€Å"The Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California is a federally recognized, self-governing tribe headquartered in Gardnerville, Nevada. It was organized pursuant to the Indian Reorganization Act of June, 18, 1934, as amended.† we learn from the Government Home of Nevada and California. (Honoring our Elders, 2007) â€Å"The Washoe Tribe is a sovereign nation and has supreme authority over the Washoe people, tribal lands, and its own operations.† We are also told that, â€Å"The tribal government has jurisdiction over trust and allotments in both Nevada and California, with additional tribal trust parcels located in Alpine, Placer, Sierra, Douglas, Carson and Washoe Counties.† These counties are governed by a Tribal Council and Chairman, the Washoe Tribe in which the tribe is led. (Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California, 2007) â€Å"In a personal committee announcement, for the Washoe Indian Tribe, we learn that â€Å"The Washoe Indian Tribe Human Resources Department is seeking interested tribal members to serve on the Personnel Committee.† This Indian Council meets monthly in making recommendations for the Tribal Council with regards to employment related issues. Any individuals, who are chosen to serve on the Indian committee, must be enrolled as a Washoe Tribal member. We learn from (Honoring Our Elders, 2007) that, â€Å"The Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California operates a variety of grant-funded programs†, which are used for schools, including Head Start Programs and Native Temporary Assistance to Needy Families is used to promote healthy and thoughtful development of children and their families in Washoe communities. The Washoe Indians are self contained and remain a great part of our Native American history. Reference Page Washoe Tribe of California and Nevada. (2007) Programs Honoring Our Elders. (2007) The Government Home of Nevada and California. Washoe Tribe of California and Nevada. (2007) Personnel Committee Announcement.

Sentimental Wedding Speech from the Father of the Bride -- Wedding Toa

Sentimental Wedding Speech from the Father of the Bride This speech uses quotes that are skillfully woven into his more personal message, which is a good way of adding humor and providing the speaker with material that is neither offensive or dull. He also includes several jokes that are popular in wedding speeches, but has given his own twist on them to add originality Ladies and gentlemen, may I start my speech by welcoming the guests. Today, we are surrounded by most of the friends and family that have been important to us during our lives. Some have traveled thousands of miles, just to be here today. We welcome you all and thank you sincerely for sharing this special day with us. As about half of you will know, this is my second father of the bride speech. To misquote Oscar Wilde from 'The Importance of Being Ernest: â€Å"To lose one daughter may be considered unlucky. to lose two is careless!† Well. I guess that's O.K. because my being careless is how they came to be here in the first place. Making the father of the bride speech, I feel a bit like a Sheik walking into his harem for the first time. I know what I've got to do, I just don't know where to start. You will all be pleased to learn that my speech will be every bit as good as last time. In fact, my side of the family will probably remember great chunks of it. Not really, although I am following exactly the same format. This means it will probably start off badly, sag in the middle with long silences, and then trail off into a lot of incoherent rambling. To be honest, I did try to memorize this speech, but forgive me if I resort to my notes every five seconds. I asked for an autocue to be set up in front of me. Apparently, the wedding budget doesn't str... ...qually as long -and I haven't quite finished yet because my next toast is to the bride and groom. That reminds me of the wedding I once went to where the two of the guests were a minister and a priest. When the priest was offered a drink for the toast he said â€Å"I’l1 have a large whisky please." When the minister was offered the same, he said "No thanks. I'd rather go with a scarlet woman than touch the demon alcohol." The priest promptly put his whisky back on the tray and said â€Å"I didn't know there was a choice.† Now I don't want to offend anybody, so if theres a priest or a minister present, I apologize. And if there's a scarlet woman here, I’11 meet you in the bar in ten minutes. Thank you for your indulgence. Without further delay I'l1 ask you to join me in a toast to my beautiful daughter, the bride, and her handsome husband, the groom. The bride and groom.

Health promotion Essay

Health promotion is the art and science for helping people develop of their preferences between optimal health and their major passions. What motivate people to achieve optimal health, and what supporting then in lifestyle changing to movie forward to the optimal health. I strongly believe that optimal health is emotional balance, physical, spiritual, intellectual, and social health. Changing of lifestyle based on combination of increase motivation, learning experiences, build skills and creation of different opportunities that give us access to environment that provide positive health practice like the best choice. Moreover, health promotion is amount of information for individuals, communities, and family education. Health promotion is promotion of healthy lifestyle and healthy ideas and help people to achieved their best status of health. According to the definition of Health Promotion motivate people to take control over to improve their health. For health promotion we need to have support such as: create supportive environment for health and develop personal skills. Health promotion is the most important part of nursing care. Nurse plays important role in public health promoting. Focus for health promotion for nurses more point of disease prevention and changing lifestyle of individuals and their behavior. Moreover, that main purpose of health promotion in nursing is educate people and encourage them respect their health. Nursing role as health promoters is very complex, because of multi-disciplinary experience and knowledge of health promotion in nursing practice. Main idea of health promotion developed to improve community based practice according to the health policies. My idea is that healthcare professionals guide other people to the right health decisions. Nurses make people re-evaluate their health ideas and moreover we help not just for individual, we help even families, organizations, and communities. Nurses proved models toward health promotion and appraise how effective is evidence-based practice for the future researches. How are nursing roles and responsibilities evolving in health promotion? Nursing of public health practice is focused on population and  required a lot of different knowledge, skills and competencies. Nurse must have unique knowledge by focusing working in the community participation in health promotion and prevention. Nursing Role in primary care very important and can redesign of the primary nursing care system when patient is the center of the medical facility. All nursing field working for patient`s care such as: communication with the patients, visit patients at the home for their daily care. Many resources used for public health nursing practice and centered on improving health of population by prevention methods. Moreover, nurses are advocates and planning for the patients by multi level view of health. We know what our patients needs because we are at bedside and in the community. We take care of patients every day and every hour because nursing is 24 hour care. Nurses improve the health outcome for everybody in the community by applying their clinical skills and experience in health care. Health promotion is focusing on removing bad influences on health to developing healthy environment and supporting individuals and communities to take control and charge of their own health. Moreover, health promotion build on health education and help people prevent many illnesses and injuries by supporting right healthy behavior. Programs for health promotions include intervention such as lifestyle changing, smoking cessation and primary method of prevention. Unfortunately, people rarely change their behavior that’s why implementation methods must be started in community as a first step for global changes. Local health promotion will bring to the people right set of priorities which can support to promote health. Health Promotion has three levels: primary prevention, secondary prevention and tertiary prevention. The major one is to protect people from experiencing an injury and protect people from developing a disease. For example: education about quit smoking, the importance of exercise regularly, good nutrition , dangers of alcohol and other drugs. Regular screening tests to monitor risk for illness. Secondary prevention is intervention after disease or risk factor have already diagnosed. The goal is to catch disease in slow face or in earliest stage. As educators we have to tell people to take daily low dose of aspirin as a prevention of stroke or heart attack. We can recommend regular screening tests and exams in people who have risk  factors for diseases. Tertiary prevention more about helping people take care of long-term health problems such as diabetes, cancer, and heart attack. For example rehabilitation programs for stroke, support group chronic pain management programs for the patients. I am nurse in Rehabilitation Center and Long –term facility. I have seen every day how rehabilitation program help people to manage their new lifestyle and how to fight with their illnesses. Else in our facility we have support groups. People can discuss to each other about their health problems, their prognosis and future expectations. Moreover in that group people share with their own experiences and can provide right and helpful information for the patient who just was diagnosed and have a long way ahead to accept that new role in family and community. For a lot of health problems primary, secondary and tertiary interventions combination is necessary to achieve a right level of protection and prevention. For ideal world Primary prevention is the best but unfortunately in our modern busy world not all of us follow the best way. The main role here play limit of knowledge about causes of some particular injury or diseases. Although, primary and secondary prevention are clear in areas as heart disease and cancer, may be not that much useful for musculoskeletal illness. In that case prefer to have primary prevention then secondary and tertiary. I am wound care nurse in long term facility and I believing that primary prevention for pressure ulcers is the best way to promote health for all patients. Bed sores are not a disease process and preventive method must be on the first place. Elderly population has higher risk factors to have bed sores because of age, fragile skin, complicated disease, chronic disease. Prevention is the best way to keep such patients in a good level of health. Many resources now available to prevent pressure ulcers in the long-term facilities: Air mattresses, turning and reposition every two hours and as needed, incontinence care every two hours and as needed, skin barrier, Moreover, physical and occupation therapy intervention: schedule patients for out of bed daily, special cushion to prevent pressure ulcer from prolong sitting. All of that can promote health to geriatric population and make their lives longer and more comfortable. Else, in wound care preventive measures less cost than treatment. Money that is saved on treatment can be good resources for future researches of wound care field. Wound Care still needs new researches to promote healing. The  main reason of prevention in wound healing is sepsis which can lead to death of the patient. We have to take care about our patients and the best care is prevention method. By that we can save people lives and make them feel better and more comfortable in their diseases and injuries. Art of science of Health Promotion Conference  Michael P. O’Donnell (2009) Definition of Health Promotion 2.0: Embracing Passion, Enhancing Motivation, Recognizing Dynamic Balance, and Creating Opportunities. American Journal of Health Promotion: September/October 2009, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. iv-iv. International Journal of Healthcare Management. Apr2014, Vol. 7 Issue 1, p53-59. 7p. DOI: 10.1179/2047971913Y.0000000058. , Database: Business Source Complete ASCs for the promotion of the wound healing of radiation ulcers via angiogenesis. †¦.. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2010 JOURNAL OF WOUND CARE SORBION SUPPLEMENT 2010. http://www.jcn.co.uk/key-topics/wound-care/

How I Believe America has changed since 9/11

The 9/11 incident is a unique one being considered as one of the worst catastrophes not only in America but all over the world. With the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and of the Soviet Union in 1991 a period of extreme optimism opened, with markets triumphant and globalization as the universal panacea (Evans, 2003, para.3). Such nations who experienced failure in one way or another have shifted and depended on their sanguinity for success and advancement through the United States of America.However, after the 9/11 terrorist attack, the world was in shock that even the world’s greatest superpower has met some vulnerable moments against an uncertain force. The evidence we have gathered all points to a collection of loosely affiliated terrorist organizations known as al Qaeda (Bush, 2001, para. 13).Following the 9/11 disaster, one aspect of change which should be analyzed is how Americans perceive freedom now after this event. U.S. President George W. Bush has applied an aggres sive and one-sided approach in dealing with the terrorist issue.The Bush administration is presently the prime mover of the long running â€Å"war on terrorism.† Everything has changed in the sense that the war on terrorism has given U.S. foreign policy a focus not seen since the height of the Cold War (Garrett, 2002, para. 1). The invasion and occupation of Iraq is a result (politically, of course, not logically)†¦(â€Å"What has changed since 9/11?,† 2006, para.2). Undaunted and unapologetic, the Bush administration continues to argue the virtues of staying the present course (Connetta, 2006, para. 6). Can the Americans live in the real essence of freedom with this road the Bush leadership is taking?Will the Bush Administration sacrifice civil liberty for the sake of national security? America has always takes pride of being a free nation embedded with dignity and glory. But after 9/11, the Americans have lived in fear, ambiguity and doubt.ReferencesBush, G.W. ( 2001). Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People. Retrieved July 28, 2007, from http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.htmlConnetta, C. (2006). Pyrrhus on the Potomac: How America's post-9/11 wars have undermined US national security. Retrieved July 28, 2007, from http://www.comw.org/pda/0609br18.htmlEvans, L. (2003). America and the World: What Has Changed Since 9/11? Retrieved July 28, 2007, from http://www.international.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=3552Garrett, G. (2002). One year after 9/11: What Has Really Changed? Retrieved July 28, 2007, from http://www.international.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=2617â€Å"What has changed since 9/11?† (2006). Retrieved July 28, 2007, from http://ask.metafilter.com/41748/What-has-changed-since-911  

Jane Eyre essays

Jane Eyre essays Jane Eyre was originally a book, by Charlotte Bronte. It has now been made into a movie. There are two versions of the movie the BPC version, which is the British version and the American version. Both movies are very good and tell the story different. The British version is more like the book. It tells most scenes from the book. The American is shorter and doesnt tell the whole story of Jane Eyres life. The American version has a bigger budget, you can tell by the settings, actors, and clothing and where it was filmed. The American version has great settings. Its looks very realistic but in the BPC version it looks at bit fake. When Jane Eyre is a young girl she is aggressive and stands up for her rights. Both actresses who play Jane Eyre when she is young are both very talented and play her part very well. When Jane is older she is shy, quiet and still very nice. Both actresses played the part very well. The actress who plays Jane Eyre in the American version was more like Jane he rself; she seemed shy, quiet and very nice. But in the BPC version the actress who played Jane seemed to be not that shy but still very nice. The camera work in the BPC version wasnt very good compared to the camera work in the American version. The actor who played Mr Rochester in the American version was older compared to the BPC version, he was more serious than the Mr Rochester in the BPC version. Mr Rochester in the BPC version was had some sense of humor and got pretty angry when he was angry. The clothing in both movies both had similar styles to each other. The clothing was a kind of Victorian style. Overall both movies where great to see. I prefer the American version better because it had Famous and talented actors. It was a great movie and it was very interesting whereas the BPC version was a bit too long and got a bit boring. ...

Exploratory Essay on Immigration

Exploratory Essay on Immigration Exploratory Essay on Immigration Immigration into the USA has recently become a contentious issue in the national debate. Democrats and Republicans have clashed with each other, and with the White House. Republicans have clashed with Republicans as well. Why is immigration such a problem to a country that was founded on immigrants, and has inscribed â€Å"Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free.† on their famous Statue of Liberty. There are several reasons that emerge in the debate. The historical source of immigrants and national identity is a main one. The original immigrants to the USA were in fact Anglo Saxon Protestants. As their national identity grew, they saw themselves as a Christian, Protestant, English speaking people and nation. As further waves of immigrants arrived, they were, if not Anglo Saxon, primarily western European, and Christian and mostly willing to learn English, and be absorbed into the American way. Even when the Irish, Italians and Polish made their way to the USA, although Catholic they were Europeans, who fit into the predominantly Anglo Saxon American identity. They were minorities, who learned English and accepted the status quo. Also, many of them brought needed skills to the country. This was a major factor of the sense of national identity, America was white, English and Protestant. The latent racial superiority overtones were only observed openly with regard to the African American slaves. However, as they were slaves and a small minority they were tolerated, if not welcomed. It is this that is driving some of the resistance to current immigration. The source of the new wave of immigrants is not European, or Anglo Saxon. Rather the main groups of immigrants are Latin Americans coming from South America, and the Caribbean island. They are predominantly Spanish speaking, unskilled, and Catholic, and arriving in great numbers. This threatens the national identity in various ways. The threat they pose to the original immigrants is first in the sheer magnitude of their numbers. In California, Texas, and Florida for example. This threatens to change the whole culture of these and other states. Instead of being absorbed into the American culture, learning English and providing skills, they are demanding education in Spanish for their children, and the majority has poor education, no English, few skills and no resources. Known as Hispanics there are about 50 million in the USA. Only Mexico has more. In the period 2010- 11 their numbers in the USA rose by 2.8 million. It is projected in 50 years time the Hispanics will constitute a third of the population of the USA. (U.S. Census Burea). It is this that has the Republicans concerned. With such numbers preferring to speak Spanish, be educated in Spanish, and keep their Catholic religion their immigration is seen as colonization. Their lack of skill and resources as a drain on social security, medical and educational resources. The massive amount of illegal immigrants already in the country is another problem. About 11 million are currently living in the USA illegally. To Republicans they are lawbreakers, criminals who need to be deported, not supported. Others say reality dictates they must be given legal status because it is impossible to arrest and deport them. Plus many have children that were born in the USA, are in schools, and see themselves as Americans. It is because of such complexities that immigration is such a contentious subject in the USA today. There seems to be no easy solution to the question of immigration into the USA, whether legal or illegal. Tips on writing: Exploratory essays ask questions to gather and share information on the topic about immigration. It is not necessary to find answers. Introductions for exploratory essays are broad, as you are making an inquiry into a topic, not proving a thesis. Present the topic and the questions you will ask. State your research question clearly state what you want to discover, and why. Identify the issue, its causes and other factors of immigration. Identify decision makers and other interested parties. You do not have to supply solutions as the paper is for the purpose of identifying the problem. If it happens that you need custom exploratory essays on immigration contact our professional writing company.

NOKIA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

NOKIA - Essay Example eting Mix is a combination of variables which can be controlled by the organization, and those variables which can be used to increase the buyer’s numbers and also improve the buyer’s response. The variables are the 4p’s of marketing mix which are the Product, Price, Place, and Promotion of every product launched by every company as every firm tries to create all these variables in the correct perfection to achieve the highest customer satisfaction (Burrow, 2011, pp. 172-177). This refers to the various goods and the particular services being provided by the company to its target customers. Customers do buy a particular product because of their needs and they look to get high level of satisfaction from the product which they buy and spend their money in buying. Price is the variable which refers to the amount that the particular product or service is been charged from the customers. It is one of the very important variables as setting up the right price for the product or service is very important, as it affects a lot on the buyer’s buying decision. The goods or services been provided to the customers must be at the reach of the customers, customers will always prefer a service or a product which is easily available to them. So deciding the correct place for the launch of the particular product and the chain through which it is been launched is very important decision to be made. Customers must have the knowledge about the products or services that are been developed by the companies. For making the products visible and creating its brand image in the market it is very important to pitch the product in the market in the correct way using the various platforms like advertising, publicity and sales promotion. This helps the company to make their products visible to the customers and make their message reach the customers (Belchand and Michael, 2005, pp. 75-82). Nokia started way back in 1865, it first started with the production of paper that was been

MASTER IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Essay

MASTER IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT - Essay Example Aid for Trade may influence the balance in trade negotiations and thereby further compromise the already tenuous relationship between developed and developing nations within the WTO.3 This paper critically examines the Aid for Trade mandate of the WTO and looks at its potential advantages and predictable challenges. Ultimately, it will be argued that the WTO as it is currently constructed does not have the legal and political frameworks conducive to an Aid for Trade remit. The most obvious advantages of the Aid for Trade aspirations of the WTO are found in its rationale for introducing this system trade. Accordingly, the WTO states that its rationale for introducing the Aid for Trade remit is for: Ideally, the WTO’s rationale for introducing the Aid for Trade mandate makes sense. It is certainly true that involvement in international trade has the capacity to reduce poverty of many millions as evidenced by China and India.5 Unfortunately, not all countries have been able to benefit from world trade as a result of declining participation in the global markets.6 Obviously, the WTO perceives that Aid for Trade is a means by which those countries with minimal access to global markets may become more active participants. Aid for Trade is perceived as a method for assisting developing countries with meeting the cost necessarily incurred in gaining access to global market opportunities. The fact is, many developing countries do not have the requisite infrastructure necessary for export. For instance they are sorely lacking in â€Å"efficient ports, adequate roads, reliable electricity and communications† as well as technology and skills to comport with the â€Å"product standards† of the â€Å"high value markets†.7 Obviously, Aid for Trade is viewed as one method for providing the necessary funds or opportunities for improving these infrastructure shortfalls. In this regard, Aid for Trade can be seen as a means for providing support in respect of the recipient

Microprocessor Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Microprocessor Architecture - Essay Example The Pioneer is intended as a 32-bit RISC processor. It has 32 general purpose registers which can be used for calculations. It can address 32 bit address space (4GB). On the other hand the MARIE architecture has a 16-bit CISC architecture. The Machine Architecture that is Really Intuitive and Easy, MARIE, was designed for the singular purpose of illustrating basic computer system concepts. While this system is too simple to do anything useful in the real world, a deep understanding of its functions will enable you to comprehend system architectures that are much more complex. Binary, twos complement data representation. Stored program fixed word length data and instructions. 4K words of word-addressable main memory, 16-bit data words, and 16-bit instructions 4 for the op-code and 12 for the address, a 16-bit arithmetic logic unit (ALU). Seven registers for control and data movement. Pioneer has an Input register size of size 32-bit and 32 possible outputs for out put. The â€Å"Y† bus may alternatively carry immediate data, created by a 16-bit value that may come from the instruction. Once the â€Å"X† and â€Å"Y† busses have data on them, any of the computational units my access that data and perform calculations on that data. Once the computational unit has accomplished the calculation, the result is placed on the â€Å"results† internal data bus, and a register in the register set may load the calculated value. The Address Generator is used to generate addresses, which can be used to access data within memory MEM [address]. It can be used as an index register. The address generator has the ability to adjust the index registers according to various controls and other registers (â€Å"Modify† registers) within the Address Generator. While MARIE has 8-bit input and 8-bit output register. Many have asked why should build an emulated MARIE computer when an excellent assembler, simulator, and data path simulator

On Why Hobbes Is More Reasonable Than Locke Essay Example for Free

On Why Hobbes Is More Reasonable Than Locke Essay KeOf all the social contract theories that have been put forth, the most influential perhaps have been John Locke’s and Thomas Hobbes’. While both are Natural Law theorists, they have completely different views of man’s state of nature. John Locke thinks of man in a natural state as a peaceful, social being while Thomas Hobbes thinks of man as an aggressive and greedy man. Both theorists also showed that man doesn’t live in a state of nature, social contracts will be formed to govern the populace. It is, however, the reasons for the formation of these social contracts that are of relevance to this essay. I believe that neither of these theories are accurate depictions of man but Hobbes seems more practical in his theory than Locke. In a state of nature, as perceived by ALL these theories, each man will live a solitary life. Therefore, when resources are scarce and each man is trying to get the best out of the environment, there has to be a way to resolve the conflict that is bound to occur. A social contract has to be made. Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes lived in an era when wars were being waged all over Europe. Hobbes saw Spanish Armada, 30 Years War, First Second Bishops’ War, Scottish invasion of England, Irish Rebellion and English Civil War. It is no wonder, then, that he has such a dim view of mankind. Locke starts off by proposing, in his treatise On the Citizen that all men are born with more or less equal faculties of body and mind. There are no natural disparities so great as to give one man exclusive claim to some benefits. People, egoistic as they are, will always try to make their life as comfortable as possible. In a state of nature, it is possible for everybody to live a comfortable life in a certain society. This, however is in the event that the natural resources are too vast to be exhausted. When resources are scarce, which was the case in Europe at Hobbes’ time, men will resort to force to get what they want. The stronger man will live the most comfortable life. This would inevitably lead to the establishment of a kratocracy. In an effort to promote peace and equality, the people will cede their power to the Leviathan, who will proclaim laws that none of the governed will have the power to go against. For this social contract to subsist, the cession of power has to be mutual between the members of the society. In this respect, he endorses our modern view of a constitution as deriving power from the people. Any further explanation of Hobbes’ theory is pointless as far as this essay is concerned. The relevance of Hobbes’ Social Contract theory Most people wrongly get stuck at the point where life is described by Hobbes as â€Å"solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short†. I have no authority to describe what life was without a social contract as I have never known man to exist in a state of nature for long enough to study. More important to me is what man’s reaction to being in a state of nature is. Man strives to remain peaceful and maintain equality with his fellow man. According to Hobbes, the Leviathan ought to maintain this state by punishing those who unjustly exceed the limits of their power as per the contract. A modern view of the Leviathan is the government, which will enforce the laws that the citizens (through their legislative representatives) have agreed upon (a social contract). Hobbes’ view that the Leviathan should be a monarch is, no doubt, influenced by European politics at the time, which was dominated by monarchies. Hobbes does not argue that man is not a social animal, his argument is based on an economical point of view (self-preservation and development in the Commons). In support of the argument put forth in class, I believe that when faced with a problem that affects many people, the people will come together in an effort to solve it. Hobbes’ problem is maintenance of peace, which is essential for man to live a comfortable life, is solved by appointing an authority (the Leviathan) to ensure that this happens. The biggest argument I could draw from the argument in class was that Hobbes saw man as unable to form any relationships with another so as to achieve a common good. This, I would like to point out, is a state of nature, which I am yet to witness. Hobbes’ biggest undoing perhaps, is his infatuation with preservation of the power of the Leviathan. He says that the Leviathan has the power to punish all who undermine its authority. Elinor Ostrom’s view What I took from Ostrom’s discussion on â€Å"Economics, the State and the Third Sector† is that we should not always look to the state as the solution to all our problems. Furthermore, institutional diversity should be embraced because you cannot have a one-size-fits-all solution for some issues. Where land is a scarcity e. g. The People’s Republic of China, there is a much more urgent for land law than there is in such sparsely populated areas such as Chad’s rural lands. This part of Ostrom’s views I totally agree with. Furthermore, in her treatise, â€Å"Governing the commons†, she demonstrates man’s apathy to a state of nature, coming together to create a law that will govern their use of common property. Conclusion I believe that while man in a state of nature (and otherwise) is greedy and egoistic, being a rational being, man will look for a solution to a common problem by coming together to solve it. The solution to the tragedy of commons as per Hobbes is the establishment of a Leviathan. This eliminates indecision, which is an inherent characteristic of human beings. Clans, tribes, states, empires and monarchies are all headed by a Leviathan of sorts and it is no wonder they are so successful.

College Admissions Essay: Celebrating Diversity -- College Admissions

Celebrating Diversity    Growing up in Florida, the prevalence of a diverse society has always been evident to me. While realizing at a young age how many differences exist in my hometown of Orlando, I eagerly wanted to become a part of each segment of my world. From a young age, my parents could tell that I had an interest in the international cultures in my life.    When I started high school, I wanted to study other cultures and further my knowledge of another language. Besides taking classes in Spanish, I chose to volunteer after school with Bosnian refugees. The volunteer program aids Bosnian refugees in their immersion into American culture. I volunteered to help a family become accustomed to life in the United States, and was paired with a family who had spent less than three weeks in our country. My family included a mother and two teenage daughters around my age. Within the first hours of meeting the Sinanovics, I believed that through an ongoing relationship, I would be able to have a lasting impact on three lives.    Because the Sinanovics spok...

Bharati Mukherjee, American Dreamer Essay

The thing that is most significant about this title was that you have to realize the true essence of judging a person for being regular instead of judging someone by their handicap. The title’s significance seems to be a certain way of getting to know what the article may be about. The title itself gives off a sense of mystery being that the title is drawing the reader into actually finding out what this article is going to be about. It is like the author had wanted to make the title pop out to you and draw you in making you want to read about the article. Kind of like a cliffhanger in stories that draws the reader to want to read more about it. The author’s purpose of this article is to try to inform readers about his/her personal idea and opinion. The author may be trying to inform readers about what has gone in a certain situation and what has also been done about the current situation. The author is informing readers about a certain technique that the British police have used to interrogate people. Mainly trying to determine whether people are actually lying in these interrogations. The author says that the United States will be the next to learn the techniques. My own personal experience would be how I try to determine whether someone is lying to me. I always want to know if there are people who will lie instead of just telling the truth in the end. I have realized that people will lie about any type of thing just to get whatever they want in life. I honestly can’t agree with people who will lie. I respect everything that the British has done by developing this certain technique.

Iran-Iraq War Essay

The Iran-Iraq War is considered as one of the longest and most violent battles in history. This eight-year long armed conflict was actually the result of many events. The rivalry between Iran and Iraq can be traced from the seventh century. It was a rivalry grounded on the antagonism between Persians and Arabs, just as it was based on the conflict between Sunni Muslims and Shi’a Muslims. These ethnic and religious divisions were further intensified by territorial disputes, which would continue until the 20th Century. In addition, politics played a role in initiating the war itself. The rivalry existed many years ago, but the war was aggravated by the changes in governance in both countries. The Iran-Iraq War was a violent combat between the aforementioned nations from September 1980 until August 1988. The conflict was only stopped with the intervention of the United Nations. The battle proved to be a long and tedious one, as the tension between the countries extended for years. There were also countless casualties as a result of the disastrous occurrence. When the war ended, neither nation could truly be declared the victor. Both Iran and Iraq did not succeed in gaining new territories or political advantages. It is important to note that Iraq was the nation responsible for starting the war. However, the aggression of Saddam Hussein was not the main cause of the war’s occurrence. In fact, there is no single cause to be blamed for the war. The origins of the Iran-Iraq War are deeply rooted in ethnic, religious and territorial conflicts which date back from the seventh century; it was exacerbated in the modern era due to ambitions of dominance. This term paper aims to discuss the reasons behind the Iran-Iraq War on two accounts: the dispute over the Shatt al-Arab river and the political tension caused by the Islamic Revolution and the rise of Ba’ath regime. The Iran-Iraq War occurred because of various reasons. The conflict between the two nations involved was characterized by other conflicts. The tension that had long persisted between Iran and Iraq were caused by differences in religious beliefs and political positions, as well as disagreements on the borders (Iran Chamber Society [ICS], 2009). The problem between the countries was fueled by the problems between the following opposing parties: Sunnis and Shia Muslims, Arabs and Persians, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and Saddam Hussein (Ehteshami & Hinnebusch, 1997). Moreover, both Iran and Iraq sought to gain supremacy in the region (Brown, 2008). The Iranian-Iraq War which started in September 1980 was a testament to the extended conflict regarding the boundaries of their territories and their share in the Shatt al-Arab river (Hunseler, 1984). The war was also a result of the struggle of both parties to become the most dominant and influential in the region. However, it is important to point out that there is a significant difference between the 1980 war and the conflicts prior to it. The early conflicts between Iran and Iraq were settled with the interference of European countries which only meddled to safeguard their respective interests. As for the 1980 war, both sides fought to preserve their own interests. No external power intervened with that war. Two main reasons why the conflict became prolonged are the mutual disputes over territory (especially the Shatt al-Arab) and the involvement of both sides in the domestic problems of the other (Hunseler, 1984). The Beginning of the Persian-Arab Conflict The origins of the conflict between Iran and Iraq started many centuries before both nations were established. It is important for one to be familiar with the history of the conflict why the 1980 war began in the first place. According to Hunseler (1984), the Iran-Iraq tension had its roots in the seventh century with the Arab-Persian conflict. It was this centuries old rift which ignited the battle over the Shatt al-Arab. Persia stood out from the others because despite being under the control of the Arabs, it retained its national identity (Hunseler, 1984). In AD 636, the Sassanids of Persia lost to the armies of Arab General Sa’d bin Abi Waqqas at the Battle of Qadisiya. Meanwhile, the Persian Empire became dissolved in AD 642 due to the Battle of Nihawand. While they held on to their state’s culture and territorial honor, the Persian population embraced Islam in the aftermath of the collapse of the Persian Empire. The Arabs and the people they conquered viewed Islam and Arabism as a union. However, despite being under the influence of Islam, the culture of Persia cannot be restrained (Hunseler, 1984). An important thing to consider in understanding the history of Persia and its political and social existence is what Hunseler (1984) called the â€Å"juxtaposition of Persia and Islam† (p. 8). The principle was said to have been derived from the notion of the state based on Zoroastrianism. According to the Zoroastrian notion of a state, it must have the following: â€Å"a secularly-legitimized kingship, the survival of the Persian language and the proud awareness of a distinct Persian history† (Hunseler, 1984, p. 8). After two centuries, the Sunni-Arab Abbasid caliphate had become interested in the Persian literature (Hunseler, 1984). In time, the Persian families which belonged to the caliphate of the Abbasids began to assume control by grabbing power repeatedly. From AD 954 until 1055, the Buyid dynasty possessed enough authority to manipulate politics in the western portion of Persia and Iraq. In addition, they also had the power to strictly limit the function of the caliphs of Abbasid to religion only. This was the reason why the legacy left by the Buyids in Iraq was considered as the conflict between Persianism and Arabism (Hunseler, 1984). In the 17th century, the Safavids in Persia declared Shi’ism as the state religion (Hunseler, 1984). The Safavids exerted influence on Persia for 15 long years; they stayed in the state from 1623 to 1638 (Hiro, 1991). The declaration was seen as Persia’s attempt to establish its boundaries and separate itself from Arab nations while keeping the matters under the influence of Islam. Shi’ism became a crucial part of Islamic history, as it was the first to present a rift in the unified world of Islam. This was because Shi’ism founded itself in a separate state. The kings of the Safavids considered themselves as mainly secular leaders; they assigned the religious functions to the theologians. In turn, the Shi’a ministers did not want to give up their posts which were assigned to them under the Safavid rule. Most especially during the time of the Qajar leaders, the clergy were given money and land. The awarding of such gifts allowed them to be financially independent from the king; it also gave them the opportunity to exert political influence. Meanwhile, no such similar progress had occurred in the Sunni Arab states (Hunseler, 1984). The Sunni-Shi’a Problem The existing Persian-Arab conflict had taken a complicated turn with the addition of yet another conflict: the Sunni-Shi’a problem (Hunseler, 1984). The problem was not exactly about tension between the differing branches of Islam. Instead, there was antagonism due to the amount of influence that a particular religion has on the development of political power in the state. The conflict continues at present day, as there are still areas wherein the Arab communities consist of both Sunni and Shi’a factions (Hunseler, 1984). Those who head the Shi’a clergy in Arab countries such as Iraq and Bahrain found difficulty in assuming certain social positions (Hunseler, 1984). In Persia, the Shi’a clergy had no problems exerting influence in society because Shi’ism was revered with national significance. In addition, Shi’a leaders faced with two issues regarding loyalty. First, they encouraged the spread of Shi’ism in states whose population were not exclusively Shi’a. Therefore, they became involved in the centuries-old conflict between the Shi’a and Sunni. Second, they were victims of the suspicions of Arab rulers who thought they were submitting to the influence of non-Arabs (Persians). They were often seen by their Arab counterparts as promoting non-Arab causes. This situation caused the Arab Shi’as to be constantly detached from their political leaders. The separation was also caused by doubt on secular leadership, as well as Shi’a millennialism (Hunseler, 1984). The Persian-Arab conflict and the attempts of both sides to become more dominant and influential than the other in the Middle East became evident in areas where the Sunni and Shi’a groups, and the Arabs and Persians, fought against each other (Hunseler, 1984). Even though the Persians and Arabs in the Arabian peninsula had the Persian-Arab Gulf to set them apart in terms of geography, the conflict eventually made itself apparent on the boundaries on land. This was the primary reason why the conflict persisted for many years; both sides incessantly tried to acquire the territories of the other and the quest for a mutual border dragged on (Hunseler, 1984). The Origin of the Conflict over the Shatt al-Arab The conflict between Iran and Iraq over the Shatt al-Arab river originated in the 17th century and began as the rift between the Ottoman Empire and Persia (Hunseler, 1984). The sultan of Turkey, Murad IV, captured Baghdad in 1638 and the initial resolution regarding the boundaries with Persia was drafted a year later. The Kurds and the Armenians occupied the north while the Arabs dominated the south. The boundary fell on areas wherein the tribes did not consider either the Persians or Turks as their masters. As a result, the border settlement was drafted with consideration to the tribes and the names of the places. The agreement also took in consideration the intention of both parties to unite the tribes of Istanbul or Esfahan. The Kurdish-Armenian boundary caused many conflicts after it was established, but order was always restored in reference to the 1639 resolution. Unfortunately, the 1639 agreement proved lacking in setting the boundaries in the Shatt al-Arab region. On one hand, Persians believed the river itself was a natural border. On the other hand, the Turks upheld the claim that the river belonged to the Ottoman Empire. According to the Turkish point of view, the Arab tribes which occupy both sides of the river are considered a single entity from Arabistan. Arabistan is part of the Ottoman Empire. Hence, the Shatt al-Arab was to be considered as under the possession of the Ottoman Empire (Hunseler, 1984). In the 19th Century, boundary problems continued. In 1823, a boundary problem surrounding the Muhammarah surfaced and Persians settled in the city (Hunseler, 1984). Both Russia and Great Britain extended their assistance on the matter. On May 15, 1843, a boundary committee was formed and gathered in Erzerum, a city in Turkey. The committee consisted of representatives from Turkey, Persia, Russia and Britain. A treaty was created on May 31, 1847, and contained three major guidelines. First, Muhammarah and its harbor, as well as Khidhr Island, were awarded to Persia. Meanwhile, Turkey was granted admission to Zuhab and Sulaymaniyah. Second, the committee was designated â€Å"in situ† to delineate the specific course of the boundary (Hunseler, 1984, p. 11). Lastly, the Ottoman Empire was given the entire Shatt al-Arab extending to the marker on the east, except for the territories mentioned above (Hunseler, 1984). The treaty of 1847 was rather ambiguous, and its inherent vagueness proved to be its biggest flaw (Hunseler, 1984). The treaty did not address the question of which nation had the responsibility over the eastern shore. While the Shatt al-Arab was placed under Turkish jurisdiction, the specifications of the border were not indicated. Turkey wanted to resolve the issue over the treaty’s vague statements regarding Arabistan/ Khuzistan. As a result, Russia and Great Britain included an â€Å"explanatory note† to assert that the problem raised by Turkey was not compromised by the treaty’s lack of clarity (Hunseler, 1984, p. 11). Turkey declined to approve the treaty until Persia acknowledged the note as part of the treaty (Hunseler, 1984). Mirza Muhammad Ali Khan acknowledged the note and signed the treaty as a delegate of the Persia. After the Persian administration discovered the inclusion of the added note, it nullified the treaty and failed to approve it. They argued that the Persian representative had no power to sign the document (Hunseler, 1984). To address the issue, the boundary committee inspected the Turkish-Persian border from 1850 until 1852 (Hunseler, 1984). Unfortunately, the commission was not able to do its job properly because of the opposing claims of Turkish and Persian commissioners. Persia maintained that they were given the entire expanse found east of the Shatt al-Arab, while Turkey opposed the claim. The committee was unable to provide a definite proposition to solve the problem. While the committee continued its efforts in the northern area of the Shatt al-Arab, the determination of the boundaries of the river’s region was postponed indefinitely (Hunseler, 1984). Persia was relentless in its efforts to claim territories and continued to bring up its border issues in the succeeding years. Persia sought Russia and Britain to mediate on the border problem (Hunseler, 1984). Persia wanted to share control of the Shatt al-Arab with Turkey; the state also wanted to discuss the rights with regards to the harbor. Unfortunately, Britain and Russia were not in agreeable terms since the mid-19th Century. Hence, both nations were not prepared to mediate in behalf of the Shatt al-Arab tension. On August 31, 1907, the Anglo-Russian convention had an agreement. This agreement divided Persia into three separate zones. In the northern part of Persia, Russia maintained a sphere of influence. In the southern area, Britain had its own sphere. Meanwhile, the middle area was considered as neutral ground. It was not until after this division was established that the Anglo-Russian concern for the Turkish-Persian border was revived (Hunseler, 1984). Russia became once again involved with Persian-Turkish affairs because it was specifically interested with the province of Azerbaijan in Persia (Hunseler, 1984). The interest was the result of strategic and economic factors in relation to Turkey. On the contrary, Britain was different from Russia because its interests were not limited to Persia alone. Britain was also focused on the Turkish territory of the Shatt al-Arab because it played a crucial part in British interests in the Gulf area. In July 1911, an Anglo-Turkish mediation in attempt to come up with a resolution that would define the territorial claims and rights in the Arab-Persian Gulf region began. On July 29, 1913, the resolution was signed by Turkey and Britain. The agreement included the decisions regarding the status of Arab sheikdoms. The resolution also included the agreements about the Shatt al-Arab and its significance to the increasing British authority in Arabistan and Iraq. The resolution proved to be beneficial for Turkey, but only because Britain acted on it for its own advantage. Meanwhile, Russia was outraged by the Anglo-Turkish agreement and initially renounced it. Britain caught Russia by surprise by awarding the Shatt al-Arab in its entirety to Turkey. Russia had its own interests to protect in Shatt al-Arab and the Gulf area, and the agreement served as a hindrance to the Russian cause. However, Britain gave Russia the guarantee that it would offer assistance in the latter’s interest in the northern section of the Turkish-Persian border. After Britain gave its guarantee, Russia acknowledged the Anglo-Turkish agreement (Hunseler, 1984). On December 21, 1911, Persian Foreign Minister and Turkish representatives from Tehran gathered in Istanbul to create a boundary commission to resolve the Turkish-Persian border problem (Hunseler, 1984). The commission began to meet in March 1912; by August, the commission had convened a total of 18 times. In the beginning, the efforts of the commission seemed futile due to Persia’s disapproval of a specific â€Å"note explicative† of April 26, 1847 (Hunseler, 1984, p. 13). However, Russia exerted influence and Tehran was forced to agree on the note on August 15, 1912. The early progress of the Turkish-Persian commission was accompanied by statements already found in the Four-Power Protocol of Constantinople dated on November 17, 1913. With regards to the area of the Shatt al-Arab, the definition of the border was determined in conformity with the Second Treaty of Erzerum of 1847. According to the treaty, the Shatt al-Arab is considered as a Turkish territory excluding the limitations concerning Abadan and Muhammarah. By November 1913, two-thirds of the border assignment was completed. The task of settling the complete boundary was given to a Four-Power Delimitation Commission. This commission had to define the border based on what was 1869’s â€Å"carte identique† (Hunseler, 1984, p. 13). The commission started working in 1914. Unfortunately, the First World War broke out. The emergence of the war hindered Persia and Turkey from acknowledging the border (Hunseler, 1984). The Aftermath of World War I: The Iranian-Iraq Disagreement on the Shatt al-Arab The conflict and rivalry between Iran and Iraq officially started after the First World War (Hunseler, 1984). The outcome of the war significantly altered the issue over the borders concerning the Shatt al-Arab. Hunseler (1984) explained: â€Å"The British mandate of Iraq, which had come about in Mesopotamia, entered into the Turkish boundary claims against Iran, although it also impinged upon British navigational privileges on the Shatt al-Arab† (p. 14). The aftermath of the Great War also allowed Iran to experience a dramatic political transformation. In 1921, Muhammad Reza Khan came into power. Under his reign, Iran became resistant to the established agreements regarding the Shatt al-Arab (Hunseler, 1984). It was also in 1921 when Khaz’al, the Sheik of Muhammarah, lost. Khaz’al was a known supporter of the British cause. With his defeat, Iran was granted the opportunity to fervently defend its own interests on the Shatt al-Arab conflict. Due to the new found empowerment of Iran, Britain was suddenly placed in a position wherein it should implement its rules without putting its Iranian interests in jeopardy (Hunseler, 1984). Meanwhile, Iraq asserted its control over the Shatt al-Arab (Hunseler, 1984). Due to the claim, Iran declined to recognize the state of Iraq. In 1929, Iran did give diplomatic recognition to Iraq, but only because it sought to gain the attention of Britain. Iran hoped that by acknowledging Iraq as a state, Britain would be sympathetic towards the Iranian cause. Britain was still interested in Iran because of economic reasons; the former is involved with the latter through the Anglo-Persian Oil Company. Moreover, Britain was still interested with the Shatt al-Arab issue. This was because it could provide the British complete access to the refineries located in Abadan. On August 11, 1929, the Iranian and Iraqi governments had interchanged several notes. This exchange gave way to the establishment of a temporary arrangement to manage the relations between the two states involved. The arrangement included settlements on trade and navigation. However, the negotiations failed because Iraq and Britain refused to recognize the jurisdiction of Iran on the half of the river (Hunseler, 1984). When Britain decided to remove its authority on Iraq and break away from their alliance in 1930, it imposed the right of the British navy to pass through the Shatt al-Arab anytime, regardless if it was wartime or peacetime (Hunseler, 1984). However, Iran had no intention in being involved in a peaceful settlement. The Iranian government also declined to accept the legitimacy of the border. On March 25, 1924, Iran announced its non-acceptance of determination of the boundary as stated in the Constantinople Protocol. The Iranian government also refused to recognize similar settlements created on September 20 and December 2 in 1931. The situation worsened when Iran sent four gunboats to pass through Shatt al-Arab and proceed until Muhammarah. Due to this incident, problems regarding the pilot and the flags of the ships were added to the already intense conflict (Hunseler, 1984). The boundary issue as well as the flag and pilot inquiries which remained unanswered increased the tension surrounding the conflict (Hunseler, 1984). On November 29, 1934, the Iranian government was forced to seek assistance from the League of Nations in an effort to address the problem. Unfortunately, the League of Nations and the representatives it sent failed to bring any positive change in the current situation. The only thing which provided temporary resolution to the problem was the Middle East pact of 1935, which Iran had introduced with the help of Turkey. The pact presented an opportunity wherein all points of disagreement could be settled. On July 4, 1937, a treaty on the Iranian-Iraqi border was agreed upon in Tehran. The treaty upheld the conditions indicated in the 1913/14 Protocols of Constantinople. According to the treaty, the Iran-Iraq border would remain along the east bank of the Shatt al-Arab. There were specific considerations made for Abadan and Muhammarah. Iran was also awarded an anchorage zone in Abadan which was four miles long. In addition, the treaty rendered the river as open territory, as it allowed access to naval ships of Iran and Iraq and traders of all countries. A transit fee was imposed, but this would be utilized for purposes of maintenance as well as the development of the shipping lanes in the river. In another decision, both sides agreed to accept the protocol within two years after the agreement had been reached (Hunseler, 1984). The adoption of the covenant was not implemented (Hunseler, 1984). On December 8, 1938, the commission in charge of the Iranian-Iraqi boundary started working on the confluence of the Shatt al-Arab and the Khayeen. The efforts of the commission were stalled by opposing translations of the treaty and the definite determination of the border. The Iranian government submitted suggestions regarding the balance of power between Iran and Iraq with regards to supervising and safeguarding the Shatt al-Arab shipping lanes. Meanwhile, the Iraqi administration saw this move as a threat to the sovereignty of the Iraqis on the river (Hunseler, 1984). In the 1950s, Iran and Iraq had another opportunity to resolve their issues regarding the Shatt al-Arab border (Hunseler, 1984). In 1955, both countries, along with Britain, Pakistan and Turkey agreed upon the Baghdad Pact (Karsh, 2002). This pact was initiated by the West and was established to strengthen defense and security in the region. In October 1957, King Faisal of Iraq paid a state visit to Iran (Hunseler, 1984). In this encounter, both nations reached an agreement regarding the Shatt al-Arab problem. Iran and Iraq agreed on two points. First, there will be a commission to be based in Baghdad which is assigned to work out the details of the joint supervision of the Shatt al-Arab. Second, a Swedish adjudicator will be in charge of delineating the border; this arbitrator is to be situated in Tehran and must work with the joint commission. Once again, an agreement between Iran and Iraq was hindered by yet another occurrence. On July 14, 1958, a revolution broke out in Baghdad (Hunseler, 1984). The change in Iraqi governance eventually disrupted the recently resumed development of Iranian-Iraqi ties (Hunseler, 1984). Also, the political change once again awakened the border conflict on the Shatt al-Arab and the land borders. Four short months after General Abd al-Karim took control, the revolutionary administration of Iraq declared that they would extend their claim on the river to 12 miles. On November 28, 1959, Iranian Shah Reza Pahlevi revived their request to have the border line of the river drawn along the middle. He justified his demand on grounds of Iraq’s clear violation of the 1937 treaty. He also argued that because they were already in the 20th Century, a river which served as a boundary such as Shatt al’Arab cannot be attached to the absolute sovereignty of either nation. General Qasim addressed the demand of the shah with another demand. Iraq sought to regain the anchorage zone awarded to Iran in the 1937 treaty. Despite their counter demand, Qasim still wanted to resolve the dispute through peaceful means. Iraq was willing to withdraw their claim of the anchorage zone if Iran would acknowledge the Iraq’s demands on the river and the treaty of 1937. The peaceful settlement was not reached. On December 10, 1959, Abbas Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Aram declined Iraq’s offer. Nine days later, General Qasim reasserted Iraq’s legal right to the anchorage zone without insisting on its return. He also appealed for Iran to value the early treaties. General Qasim suggested that they could address the problem with the help of the United Nations. However, Iran provoked Iraq again when the local newspaper Ettelaat stated that â€Å"the existence of Iraq was in any event a historical misunderstanding and the whole of Iraq a Persian province† (as cited in Hunseler, 1984, p. 17). An armed struggle between Iran and Iraq was quelled before the further tension could develop. On March 5, 1959, Iran became involved with the United States in a defense settlement (Hunseler, 1984). Soon after, Iran felt coerced by Russia. Iran had reasons to be concerned. It was threatened by Soviet influence and the possible circulation of further revolutionary ideals. Meanwhile, Iraq was also concerned with the threat of the United Arab Republic, a state established in 1958 as a result of the merger between Syria and Egypt. Abd al-Karim Qasim was frightened that Syria might provide assistance to Iraqi Nasserites if and when a war with Iran occurs. Hence, there was no real war between both parties at that time. The tension manifested itself through a media war between Iran and Iraq (Hunseler, 1984). In 1967, Britain declared its wishes to pull out from the Gulf area. Prime Minister Harold Wilson expressed the desire of the British administration to remove its military troops located ‘east of Suez’ (as cited in Hunseler, 1984, p. 17). With this announcement, Iran wanted to replace British forces with their own troops on the moment of the latter’s departure (Hunseler, 1984). The 1967 blockage of the Suez Canal was a welcome development, as it prevented Soviet activity in the Gulf region. In terms of security concerns, Iran wanted to unify and lead the Arab countries in the region. The supposed partnership had the goal of preventing the spread of Soviet control and power of revolutionary nations and factions, such as South Yemen and Iraq. The Arab countries in the Gulf were cautious in dealing with Iran. While they were hesitant to collaborate with Iran which was associated with Israel, they did not want to create a rift among the states (Hunseler, 1984). Iran continued to strongly pursue its ambition of becoming an unshakeable force in the Gulf region (Hunseler, 1984). In 1969, it condemned the 1937 treaty. The shah knew that if Iran wanted to govern and manipulate the shipping lanes in the Gulf, it must have exclusive control of the river. This move would also liberate the Iranian ports on Abadan and Khorramshahr from Iraqi jurisdiction. On one instance, an Iranian vessel sailed despite the absence of an Iraqi pilot. It departed from the Khorramshahr port with the assistance of Iranian patrol vessels and successfully arrived at the Persian-Arab Gulf. Iraq was aware of the violation, but it did not wage a war against Iran due to the weakness of the military (Hunseler, 1984). After 1972, the shah became more determined to cripple Iraq. After the completion of the Iraqi-Soviet friendship treaty, the Shah approached American President Richard Nixon to ask for assistance in the Kurdish cause in Iraq (Hunseler, 1984). This action was done with the objective of weakening the Iraqi army through an attack on its internal disputes. In August 1972, another uprising emerged in Kurdistan. The Iraqi administration and Kurdish chief Mullah Mustafa Barzani met in March 1970 and agreed on the autonomy of Kurdistan beginning in 1974. However, the agreement was threatened by the support of Iran and the United States for Barzani. Because of this, the Kurdish insurgents continued to hold on to their weapons and proceed with the civil war. Meanwhile, the Iraqi forces benefited from the Iraqi-Soviet friendship treaty, for it allowed for a steady supply of ammunition from Russia. The weapons were instrumental in guaranteeing the military success of Iraq. Nevertheless, the malfunctioning of the army’s weapons and the failure of the Soviet Union to provide more ammunition endangered the progress Iraq had in its fight against the Kurds. In the early part of March 1975, the Iraqi government was prompted to consider Iran’s proposition that it would refrain from supporting the Kurds if the former would approve the latter’s suggestion to resolve the border issue by placing the border line along the thalweg (Hunseler, 1984). On June 13, 1975, Iran and Iraq agreed on yet another treaty in Baghdad (Hunseler, 1984). The treaty consisted of four crucial agreements. First, the boundaries will be definitely marked based on the Constantinople Protocol of 1913 and the 1914 proposal created by the committee regarding the establishment of the boundary. Second, the river boundaries would be situated in the middle, or the thalweg. According to Willet (2004), the thalweg was the â€Å"central deepest part of the river† (p. 7). Third, there are two things to be rebuilt: the mutual trust between both nations as well as the security of the land boundaries they shared. Also, the invasion on both sides will be stopped. Lastly, the problem will be settled upon with the acknowledgement of the aforementioned points. When Iraq signed the treaty, the country accepted the thalweg agreement for the first time. After five years, it became evident that the said recognition was merely the result of coercion from Iran’s side. The acceptance of Iraq was also caused by the failure of the Soviet Union to provide weapons. Nonetheless, the compromise made regarding the Shatt al-Arab paved the way for the Kurdish civil war to stop. Meanwhile, the relevance of the river in terms of Iranian strategy was relatively reduced. This was because Iran transferred its navy from Khorramshahr to the Bandar Abbas port in August 1978 (Hunseler, 1984). The Iran-Iraq War from a Political Perspective The dispute over the borders and boundaries of the river of Shatt al-Arab was instrumental in the emergence of the war between Iran and Iraq in 1980. While the territorial conflicts played a crucial role in causing the war, the political conditions in both countries must also be considered as initiators. The transition in the governments helped influence the leaders on how to deal with the Shatt al-Arab issue. In Iran, there was a dramatic shift in leadership as the Shah was removed from power through a revolution led by a radical Muslim. In Iraq, several coups have altered governance while the rise of the Ba’ath Socialist Party to power resulted in the domination of Saddam Hussein. Both countries longed to dominate the other and emerge as the most powerful in the region (Jacoby, 2008). The Iranian-Iraqi situation under the Rule of the Shah In the 1970s, the tension between Iran and Iraq was heightened (Karsh, 2002). This was because of the Shah of Iran, Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, became aggressive and tried to present Iran as the dominant force in the Persian Gulf. The Shah had been governing the Iran for decades. However, he was temporarily overthrown from power. In 1953, the head of the Iranian Parliament started a coup to remove the Shah (Willett, 2004). The coup succeeded and Pahlavi vacated the Iranian leadership for a brief time. However, the United States